Computer Generation I (1940-1959)
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was the first generation of electronic digital computers used for general needs. ENIAC was designed oada Pgamroposal 1942, and began to be made in 1943 by Dr. John W. Mauchly and John Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (University of Pennsylvania) and completed in 1946.
ENIAC was very large, for placement requires 500m2 space. ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, relays and switches 75,000, 10,000 capacitors, resistors and 70,000. When operated, ENIAC requires electrical power of 140 kilowatts with a weight of over 30 tons, and occupies 167 m2 of space.
Von Neumann machine
This machine was developed by an expert on the math that John Von Neumann who is also the ENIAC project kosultan. This machine was developed starting in 1945, which gave the idea of a stored-program concept, ie a concept to simplify the process so that the program can be represented in a form suitable for storage in the memory for all the data. This idea is also made almost at the same time with Turing. Von Neumann subsequently publish a new name, namely: Electronic Discrete Variable Computer (EDVAC).
All input and output is done through plong card. Within one second, the ENIAC able to do 5,000 calculations with 10-digit number which when done manually by a human will take 300 days, and this is the fastest operating time compared to all other mechanical computer. ENIAC operated until 1955. The technology used is the use of vacuum tube ENIAC used by the Research Laboratory Army Missile (Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory-LBR) United States.
Furthermore this machine was developed back with improvements in 1947, which is referred to as the first generation of modern programmed electronic computers were supplied commercially as EDVAC, EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), and UNIVAC1 and 2 (Universal Automatic Computer) developed by Eckert and Mauchly. For the first time the computer using a Random Access Memory (RAM) to store the parts of the data needed quickly.
With that John Von Neumann concept dubbed as the father of modern computer world first concept is still in use today. John Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Hungary December 28, 1903 and passed away on February 8, 1957 in Washington DC, USA. Von Neumann was very smart in math and figures. At the age of eman years he was able to calculate the distribution of the eight-digit numbers without using paper or other tools. His education began at the University of Budapest in 1921 with a major in chemistry. But then he returned to his favorite, mathematics, and completed his doctorate in mathematics in 1928. in 1930 he get his chance to go to Princeton University (USA). In 1933, the Institute of Advanced Studies was formed and he became one of the six mathematics professor there. Von Neumann later became an American citizen.
Von Neumann was also the first person who coined the term "Game Theory" which later evolved into a science of its own. Game theory is useful for simulating games, such as chess, bridge, and the like. He also useful to simulate war.
First Commercial Computer
In the mid-1950s UNIVAC progress in several aspects of advanced programming, so it is the first general-purpose computer that is designed for use both numbers and letters and using magnetic tape as the media input and output. This is said to be the birth of the computer industry is dominated by IBM and Sperry. UNIVAC computer was first used for the purposes of calculating the U.S. census in 1951, and operated until 1963.
Computer-Computer IBM
IBM manufactures IBM 605 and IBM 701 in 1953-oriented business applications and is the most popular computer until 1959. Issued to replace the IBM 705 IBM 701 IBM which then solidify in the data processing industry.
Computer Generation II (1959-1964)
The second generation of computers is characterized by the following characteristics:
* Using technology in the form of transistor and diode circuit to replace vacuum tubes.
* It uses a high-level programming language operations such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
* The capacity of the main memory is developed Magnetic Core Storage.
* Using outside in the form of deposits Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk.
* Ability to process real-time and real-sharing.
* Physical size is smaller than the first generation.
* The process is much faster operation, ie millions of operations per second.
* Needs less power.
* Orientation program tidah only focused on business applications, but also engineering applications.
UNIVAC III
Compared premises tube, transistor technology is much more efficient as a switch and can be reduced to a microscopic scale. In 2001, Intel researchers have introduced the most tiny silicon and fastest in the world, with a size of 20 nanometers ata comparable to the billionth of a meter, which will be used on a processor with a speed of 20 GHz (Giga Hertz). This era also marks the beginning of the emergence of the minicomputer which is the second largest in the family computer. The price is cheaper than the first generation. The DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was first made in 1964 for commercial data processing.
Other types of computers that appear on this generation diantaranta UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, SS90, and 1107, IBM 7070, 7080, 1400, and 1600.
Computer Generation III (1964-1970)
At this third-generation technology Integrated Circuit (IC) is the central feature since starting to use on a computer device to the current generation. IC component hybrid or solid form (SLT) and monolithyc (MST). SLT is a transistor and a diode placed separately in one place while the MST is an element of transistors, diodes, and resistors are put together in a single chip. MST is more kesil but upon ability to have greater than SLT.
IC was first created by Texas Istruments and Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959 that only contains six transistors. That we can compare the current processor that we use already has millions, tens, hundreds of millions of transistors, even has designed processors with billions of transistors. A remarkable development in the period of less than half a century.
The characteristics of the third generation computers are:
* Due to the use of IC performance computers become faster and more accurate. Speed is nearly 10,000 times faster than the first generation.
* Improvement of the software.
* Greater memory capacity, and can store hundreds of thousands of characters (previously only tens of thousands).
* Using outside floppy magnetic storage media (external disk) the nature of accessing data at random (random access) with a large capacity (millions characters).
* The use of electricity more efficient.
* The ability to multiprocessing and multitasking.
* Have been using visual display terminals and can sound.
* The price is getting cheaper.
* Ability to communicate with other computers.
IBM S/360, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC 9000, Burroughts 5700, 6700, 7700, NCR Century, GE 600, the CDC 3000, 6000, and 7000, PDP-8 and PDP-11 (the manufacturer is Digital Equipment Corporation) is an example examples of third-generation computers.
Computer Generation IV (1970-1980's)
The fourth generation computer is a continuation of the third generation. The difference is that the IC in the generation of more complex and integrated IV. Since 1970 there are two developments which are considered as the fourth generation computer. First, the use of Large Scale Integration (LSI) which is also called by the name of Bipolar Large Large Scale Integration. LSI is an IC compaction thousands who put together in an IC chip called chip. The term chip is used to indicate a rectangular slab that contains an integrated circuit IC. LSI was developed into a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) which can accommodate tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of ICs. Further development of micro computers using microprocessors and semiconductor chip form for internal computer memory while the previous generation using magnetic core storage.
IV Generation Computers: Apple II
Intel in 1971 the company introduced the 4-bit microcomputer chip processor that uses the name of 4004 which contains 230 transistors and runs at 108 KHz (Kilo-Hertz) and could execute 60,000 operations per second. Continued in 1972, Intel introduced the 8008 microcomputer that processes 8 bits of information at one time. Furthermore microprocessor 8080 made in 1974, and is the first general-purpose processor. Previous 4004 and 8008 processors are designed for specific application needs, and 8080 processors have capabilities more quickly and have the richer instruction set, as well as having a larger addressing capabilities. In the fourth generation of the monitor display is still one color (green color).
Computer Generation IV: PDP 11
The fourth generation of computers such as the IBM 370, Apple I and Apple II, PDP-11, VisiCalc, and Altair is using the Intel 8080 processor, the operating system CP / M (Control Program for Microprocessor), with the Microsoft Basic programming language (Beginners Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Note that the fourth generation of computers is not one of them PC-compatible or Macintosh-compatible. So that this generation has not determined a standard computer, especially personal computers (PC).
Computer Generation V (1980-present)
The end of 1980, IBM decided to build a personal computer (PC) mass, which on August 12, 1981 into a standard PC computer, and finally to the present standard PC known as the IBM-PC. The processor used is 8088/8086 is the standard computer this time, using the 16-bit base time unit. With the birth of the fifth generation computer, IBM is working with Microsoft to develop software in it. Until now, Microsoft dominates the PC needs software in the world.
The subsequent development of major changes that occurred since the IBM PC was introduced, and not be the only manufacturing PC-compatible, the new standard in the PC industry is more developed by other companies such as Intel and Microsoft pioneered by W. Bill Gates is a pioneer standard hardware and software world.
At the fifth generation, has made the development of the so-called Josephson Junction, which will replace the chip technology that has the ability to process billions of operations per second, while the chip technology is only able to process billions of operations per second. Computers of this generation will be able to translate human language, humans can directly converse with the computer and the computer power savings. Remarkable properties is referred to as "Artificial Intelligence", but it is also based Graphic User Interface (GUI), multimedia, and multikomunikasi.
Examples of computer that was born on the fifth generation of x86-based, such as the 286 chip was introduced in 1982 with 134,000 transistors, then the chip 386 in 1983 with 275,000 transistors, while the chip 486 was introduced in 1989 which has 1.2 million transistors. Subsequently in 1993 Intel introduced the 586 processor family called Pentium 1 with the number of transistors 3.1 million to held the 90 MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second). Then proceed to the next generation of the Pentium 2, 3, and 4.
At the end of 2000, Intel introduced the Pentium 4, which is the last in a family of Intel processors with 32-bit architecture (IA-32). In 2001 Intel announced the Itanium processor is a processor with a base of 64-bit architecture (IA-64) first. Itanium is Intel's first processor with 64-bit instructions and will spawn a new generation of operating systems and applications, while still maintaining backward compatibility with 32-bit software. Please note that since the issuance of the 386 processor, the computer operates at 32 bits per unit time in executing the information up to Pentium 4. Until now the computer is used mostly still based 32 bit.
Pentium generation, in addition to the hallmark on improving data access speed is also displayed image has a resolution (image quality) and good color and multimedia, and more importantly it is the function of computers become more intelligent. Although the computer in this generation physical size becomes smaller and simpler but has more sophisticated capabilities.
Computer Generation VI: The Future
With the computer technology available today, a little hard to imagine how future computers. With the technology available today we seemed to have been able to "hold the world". In terms of technology some computer scientists believe the time to create what is called a biochip is made of protein sitetis. Robots are made with this material will become a human clone. While the technology is in the research stage now that mikrooptik and input-output audio that may be used by the computer to come. The experts in computer science right now is trying to design a computer that does not require writing and programming by the user. Computer without the program (programless computer) may form the main features of the computer generation to come.
Future Computer possibility
In principle, the characteristics of future computers are more sophisticated and less expensive and have the capability of them to see, hear, speak, and think and be able to make conclusions like humans. It means the computer has artificial intelligence approaching human capabilities and behavior. Another plus again, the intelligence to predict an event that will happen, can communicate directly with people, and the smaller shape. A clear future computers will be amazing.]
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was the first generation of electronic digital computers used for general needs. ENIAC was designed oada Pgamroposal 1942, and began to be made in 1943 by Dr. John W. Mauchly and John Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (University of Pennsylvania) and completed in 1946.
ENIAC was very large, for placement requires 500m2 space. ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, relays and switches 75,000, 10,000 capacitors, resistors and 70,000. When operated, ENIAC requires electrical power of 140 kilowatts with a weight of over 30 tons, and occupies 167 m2 of space.
Von Neumann machine
This machine was developed by an expert on the math that John Von Neumann who is also the ENIAC project kosultan. This machine was developed starting in 1945, which gave the idea of a stored-program concept, ie a concept to simplify the process so that the program can be represented in a form suitable for storage in the memory for all the data. This idea is also made almost at the same time with Turing. Von Neumann subsequently publish a new name, namely: Electronic Discrete Variable Computer (EDVAC).
All input and output is done through plong card. Within one second, the ENIAC able to do 5,000 calculations with 10-digit number which when done manually by a human will take 300 days, and this is the fastest operating time compared to all other mechanical computer. ENIAC operated until 1955. The technology used is the use of vacuum tube ENIAC used by the Research Laboratory Army Missile (Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory-LBR) United States.
Furthermore this machine was developed back with improvements in 1947, which is referred to as the first generation of modern programmed electronic computers were supplied commercially as EDVAC, EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), and UNIVAC1 and 2 (Universal Automatic Computer) developed by Eckert and Mauchly. For the first time the computer using a Random Access Memory (RAM) to store the parts of the data needed quickly.
With that John Von Neumann concept dubbed as the father of modern computer world first concept is still in use today. John Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Hungary December 28, 1903 and passed away on February 8, 1957 in Washington DC, USA. Von Neumann was very smart in math and figures. At the age of eman years he was able to calculate the distribution of the eight-digit numbers without using paper or other tools. His education began at the University of Budapest in 1921 with a major in chemistry. But then he returned to his favorite, mathematics, and completed his doctorate in mathematics in 1928. in 1930 he get his chance to go to Princeton University (USA). In 1933, the Institute of Advanced Studies was formed and he became one of the six mathematics professor there. Von Neumann later became an American citizen.
Von Neumann was also the first person who coined the term "Game Theory" which later evolved into a science of its own. Game theory is useful for simulating games, such as chess, bridge, and the like. He also useful to simulate war.
First Commercial Computer
In the mid-1950s UNIVAC progress in several aspects of advanced programming, so it is the first general-purpose computer that is designed for use both numbers and letters and using magnetic tape as the media input and output. This is said to be the birth of the computer industry is dominated by IBM and Sperry. UNIVAC computer was first used for the purposes of calculating the U.S. census in 1951, and operated until 1963.
Computer-Computer IBM
IBM manufactures IBM 605 and IBM 701 in 1953-oriented business applications and is the most popular computer until 1959. Issued to replace the IBM 705 IBM 701 IBM which then solidify in the data processing industry.
Computer Generation II (1959-1964)
The second generation of computers is characterized by the following characteristics:
* Using technology in the form of transistor and diode circuit to replace vacuum tubes.
* It uses a high-level programming language operations such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
* The capacity of the main memory is developed Magnetic Core Storage.
* Using outside in the form of deposits Magnetic Tape and Magnetic Disk.
* Ability to process real-time and real-sharing.
* Physical size is smaller than the first generation.
* The process is much faster operation, ie millions of operations per second.
* Needs less power.
* Orientation program tidah only focused on business applications, but also engineering applications.
UNIVAC III
Compared premises tube, transistor technology is much more efficient as a switch and can be reduced to a microscopic scale. In 2001, Intel researchers have introduced the most tiny silicon and fastest in the world, with a size of 20 nanometers ata comparable to the billionth of a meter, which will be used on a processor with a speed of 20 GHz (Giga Hertz). This era also marks the beginning of the emergence of the minicomputer which is the second largest in the family computer. The price is cheaper than the first generation. The DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was first made in 1964 for commercial data processing.
Other types of computers that appear on this generation diantaranta UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, SS90, and 1107, IBM 7070, 7080, 1400, and 1600.
Computer Generation III (1964-1970)
At this third-generation technology Integrated Circuit (IC) is the central feature since starting to use on a computer device to the current generation. IC component hybrid or solid form (SLT) and monolithyc (MST). SLT is a transistor and a diode placed separately in one place while the MST is an element of transistors, diodes, and resistors are put together in a single chip. MST is more kesil but upon ability to have greater than SLT.
IC was first created by Texas Istruments and Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959 that only contains six transistors. That we can compare the current processor that we use already has millions, tens, hundreds of millions of transistors, even has designed processors with billions of transistors. A remarkable development in the period of less than half a century.
The characteristics of the third generation computers are:
* Due to the use of IC performance computers become faster and more accurate. Speed is nearly 10,000 times faster than the first generation.
* Improvement of the software.
* Greater memory capacity, and can store hundreds of thousands of characters (previously only tens of thousands).
* Using outside floppy magnetic storage media (external disk) the nature of accessing data at random (random access) with a large capacity (millions characters).
* The use of electricity more efficient.
* The ability to multiprocessing and multitasking.
* Have been using visual display terminals and can sound.
* The price is getting cheaper.
* Ability to communicate with other computers.
IBM S/360, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC 9000, Burroughts 5700, 6700, 7700, NCR Century, GE 600, the CDC 3000, 6000, and 7000, PDP-8 and PDP-11 (the manufacturer is Digital Equipment Corporation) is an example examples of third-generation computers.
Computer Generation IV (1970-1980's)
The fourth generation computer is a continuation of the third generation. The difference is that the IC in the generation of more complex and integrated IV. Since 1970 there are two developments which are considered as the fourth generation computer. First, the use of Large Scale Integration (LSI) which is also called by the name of Bipolar Large Large Scale Integration. LSI is an IC compaction thousands who put together in an IC chip called chip. The term chip is used to indicate a rectangular slab that contains an integrated circuit IC. LSI was developed into a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) which can accommodate tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of ICs. Further development of micro computers using microprocessors and semiconductor chip form for internal computer memory while the previous generation using magnetic core storage.
IV Generation Computers: Apple II
Intel in 1971 the company introduced the 4-bit microcomputer chip processor that uses the name of 4004 which contains 230 transistors and runs at 108 KHz (Kilo-Hertz) and could execute 60,000 operations per second. Continued in 1972, Intel introduced the 8008 microcomputer that processes 8 bits of information at one time. Furthermore microprocessor 8080 made in 1974, and is the first general-purpose processor. Previous 4004 and 8008 processors are designed for specific application needs, and 8080 processors have capabilities more quickly and have the richer instruction set, as well as having a larger addressing capabilities. In the fourth generation of the monitor display is still one color (green color).
Computer Generation IV: PDP 11
The fourth generation of computers such as the IBM 370, Apple I and Apple II, PDP-11, VisiCalc, and Altair is using the Intel 8080 processor, the operating system CP / M (Control Program for Microprocessor), with the Microsoft Basic programming language (Beginners Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Note that the fourth generation of computers is not one of them PC-compatible or Macintosh-compatible. So that this generation has not determined a standard computer, especially personal computers (PC).
Computer Generation V (1980-present)
The end of 1980, IBM decided to build a personal computer (PC) mass, which on August 12, 1981 into a standard PC computer, and finally to the present standard PC known as the IBM-PC. The processor used is 8088/8086 is the standard computer this time, using the 16-bit base time unit. With the birth of the fifth generation computer, IBM is working with Microsoft to develop software in it. Until now, Microsoft dominates the PC needs software in the world.
The subsequent development of major changes that occurred since the IBM PC was introduced, and not be the only manufacturing PC-compatible, the new standard in the PC industry is more developed by other companies such as Intel and Microsoft pioneered by W. Bill Gates is a pioneer standard hardware and software world.
At the fifth generation, has made the development of the so-called Josephson Junction, which will replace the chip technology that has the ability to process billions of operations per second, while the chip technology is only able to process billions of operations per second. Computers of this generation will be able to translate human language, humans can directly converse with the computer and the computer power savings. Remarkable properties is referred to as "Artificial Intelligence", but it is also based Graphic User Interface (GUI), multimedia, and multikomunikasi.
Examples of computer that was born on the fifth generation of x86-based, such as the 286 chip was introduced in 1982 with 134,000 transistors, then the chip 386 in 1983 with 275,000 transistors, while the chip 486 was introduced in 1989 which has 1.2 million transistors. Subsequently in 1993 Intel introduced the 586 processor family called Pentium 1 with the number of transistors 3.1 million to held the 90 MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second). Then proceed to the next generation of the Pentium 2, 3, and 4.
At the end of 2000, Intel introduced the Pentium 4, which is the last in a family of Intel processors with 32-bit architecture (IA-32). In 2001 Intel announced the Itanium processor is a processor with a base of 64-bit architecture (IA-64) first. Itanium is Intel's first processor with 64-bit instructions and will spawn a new generation of operating systems and applications, while still maintaining backward compatibility with 32-bit software. Please note that since the issuance of the 386 processor, the computer operates at 32 bits per unit time in executing the information up to Pentium 4. Until now the computer is used mostly still based 32 bit.
Pentium generation, in addition to the hallmark on improving data access speed is also displayed image has a resolution (image quality) and good color and multimedia, and more importantly it is the function of computers become more intelligent. Although the computer in this generation physical size becomes smaller and simpler but has more sophisticated capabilities.
Computer Generation VI: The Future
With the computer technology available today, a little hard to imagine how future computers. With the technology available today we seemed to have been able to "hold the world". In terms of technology some computer scientists believe the time to create what is called a biochip is made of protein sitetis. Robots are made with this material will become a human clone. While the technology is in the research stage now that mikrooptik and input-output audio that may be used by the computer to come. The experts in computer science right now is trying to design a computer that does not require writing and programming by the user. Computer without the program (programless computer) may form the main features of the computer generation to come.
Future Computer possibility
In principle, the characteristics of future computers are more sophisticated and less expensive and have the capability of them to see, hear, speak, and think and be able to make conclusions like humans. It means the computer has artificial intelligence approaching human capabilities and behavior. Another plus again, the intelligence to predict an event that will happen, can communicate directly with people, and the smaller shape. A clear future computers will be amazing.]
